EU level developments
Ensuring that policies are communicated effectively for the benefit of patients depends on building good working relationships with external stakeholders and requires good working relations with the European Commission and Parliament.
As GAMIAN-Europe develops its policy work, it is increasingly able to support interactive dialogues on key policy issues with members of the European Parliament and the European Commission interested in mental health.
The EU mental health remit and activities to date
Most competence for action in the field of health is held by the Member States. However, the EU has the responsibility, set out in the Treaty, to undertake certain actions that complement the work done by Member States. In other words, the EU health remit is limited to actions that complement work carried out by the Member States. These actions are usually directed towards “improving public health, preventing human illness and diseases, and obviating sources of danger to human health.”
This basically means that the Commission cannot propose legislation in most of the health areas referred to above. Nevertheless, there is a growing recognition of the need for Member States to cooperate, exchange experience, and learn from each other: apart from the fact that “health knows no borders,” Member States are all facing the same challenges, and cooperation and shared learning is more effective than re-inventing the wheel 27 times.
Over recent years, the EU has addressed many different issues in relation to heath, such as health inequalities, patients’ rights in cross-border care, and health threats, as well as specific disease areas such as cancer, rare diseases, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Over recent years the Commission has already taken various steps to ensure a place for mental health on the political agenda:
1 The 2004 Commission Green Paper ‘Improving the mental health of the population: Towards a strategy on mental health for the European Union’, which makes the case for the added value of an EU-level mental health strategy by:
- Creating a framework for exchange and cooperation between Member States;
- Helping to increase the coherence of actions in different policy sectors;
- To open up a platform for involving stakeholders including patient and civil society organisations into building solutions.
In this Green Paper, the Commission proposes for an EU-strategy to focus on promoting the mental health of all, addressing mental ill health through preventive action, improving the quality of life of people with mental ill health or disability through social inclusion and the protection of their rights and dignity and developing a mental health information, research and knowledge system for the EU.
At that time, the idea of a concrete strategy did not meet with sufficient support from the Member States so instead, the Commission came forward with:
2 The 2008 European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being, which concentrated on 5 themes, i.e. prevention of depression and suicide, mental health in older people, mental health in youth and education, mental health in workplace settings and stigma and social inclusion. A number of high level conferences took place, leading to:
3 The 2011 Council conclusions on ‘The European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being: results and future action’, which recognised mental well-being as an essential constituent of health and quality of life, and a prerequisite for the ability to learn, work and contribute to social life. The Conclusions invited Member States to make mental health and well-being a priority of their health policies and to develop strategies and/or action plans on mental health including depression and suicide prevention. The Council also invited Member States and the Commission to put in place:
4 The 2013 Joint Action on Mental health and Well-being, building on the findings of the Pact, aiming at building a framework for action in mental health policy at U level, which should contribute to the promotion of mental health and well-being, the prevention of mental disorders and the improvement of care and social inclusion of people with mental disorders in Europe. The five areas addressed were
- promotion of mental health at the workplaces;
- promotion of mental health in schools;
- promoting action against depression and suicide and implementation of e-health approaches;
- developing community-based and socially inclusive mental health care for people with severe mental disorders;
- promoting the integration of mental health in all policies.
5 In order to provide a follow-up to the Joint Action, the Commission funded a project to facilitate a ‘stronger involvement’ of the EU-Compass for Action on Mental Health and Well-being. This mechanism collected, exchanged and analysed information on policy and stakeholder activities in mental health. This aimed to disseminate the ‘European Framework for Action on Mental Health and Well-being’ as developed by the Joint Action and monitored mental health and wellbeing policies and activities by Member States and non-governmental stakeholders. It aimed to
- Identify and disseminate European good practices in mental health;
- Collect data on stakeholders’ and Member States activities through three annual surveys;
- Organise three annual reports and forum events;
- Hold national mental health workshops in each Member State and Iceland and Norway.
The EU Compass also supported the work of the EU-Group of Governmental Experts on Mental Health and Well-being through the preparation of scientific papers.
The Compass has recently come to an end and no concrete follow up activities have been planned. Mental health is now being addressed as part of the wider EU activity on chronic disease.
Other relevant actions:
- The November 2015 Opinion on ‘Access to health care in the EU’ by the Expert Platform of Effective Ways of Investing in Health specifically addresses access to mental health care;
- The 2013 WHO European Action Plan on mental health, focusing on well-being, rights and services, linked to seven main objectives, such as equal opportunity for people to realize mental wellbeing throughout life, rights of people with mental health problems, accessible mental health services and the right to respectful, safe and effective treatment;
- The European Parliament runs an active Interest Group on Mental health , Well-being and Brain Disorders (GAMIAN-Europe is coordinating this Group); action is taken to ensure relevant references to mental health in EU proposals.
GAMIAN-Europe proposal for EU level Action Plan on Mental health
The need for more ambitious EU-level action on mental health
(revised March 2018)
Why address mental health at EU level?
There are many reasons why mental health should be a health and social policy priority across the board. First of all, mental disorders cause immense suffering for individuals, families and communities. They put pressure on health, educational, economic, labour market and social welfare systems across the EU.
These disorders are highly prevalent and increasing in the EU: 50 million citizens – about 11% of the population – are estimated to experience mental health disorders. Depression is the most prevalent health problem in many EU-Member States, with suicide remaining a major cause of death: in the EU, there are about 58,000 suicides per year (75% are committed by men). Nine of the ten countries with the highest rates of suicide in the world are in the European Region.
Only 50 % of those affected by depression receive treatment. In European countries, at least 30% of people with severe mental disorders do not have access to mental health care, and the majority do not benefit from the interventions that have proved to be effective in prevention and promotion.
There is a link between mental health problems and losses of productive human capital: research has shown that there are substantial costs associated with mental disorders, such as higher presenteeism and absenteeism or significantly reduced earnings.
Stigma, prejudice and discrimination unfortunately are widespread and have a huge impact on those affected seeking or receiving help and support.
On a more positive note, there is increasing data proving that positive mental health and well-being is a key factor for social cohesion, economic progress and sustainable development in the EU – so the need to prevent mental illness and promote mental health is increasingly recognised by policy makers.
In many or most cases mental ill health can be prevented, cured, treated and managed. A more widespread understanding of this fact might help to combat stigma.
EU action to date
Over recent years the European Commission has taken various steps to ensure a place for mental health on the EU political agenda. The Commission Green Paper ‘Improving the mental health of the population: Towards a strategy on mental health for the European Union’ (2004) proposed an EU-strategy to focus on promoting the mental health of all. However – and disappointingly – the idea of a concrete strategy did not meet with sufficient support from the Member States so instead, the Commission came forward with the European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being (2008); This concentrated on 5 themes, i.e. prevention of depression and suicide, mental health in older people, mental health in youth and education, mental health in workplace settings and stigma and social inclusion.
A number of high level conferences took place, leading to a set of Council Conclusions (2011). These recognised mental well-being as an essential constituent of health and quality of life, and a prerequisite for the ability to learn, work and contribute to social life. Importantly; the Conclusions invited Member States to make mental health and well-being a priority of their health policies and to develop strategies and/or action plans on mental health including depression and suicide prevention.
The Council Conclusions also invited Member States and the Commission to put in place a Joint Action on Mental Health and Well-being (2013), building on the findings of the Pact, aiming at building a framework for action in mental health policy at U level.
When this Joint Action came to an end, the EU-Compass for Action on Mental Health and Well-being -a mechanism to collect, exchange and analyse information on policy and stakeholder activities in mental health – took over. This Compass aimed to disseminate the ‘European Framework for Action on Mental Health and Well-being’ as developed by the Joint Action and it monitors mental health and wellbeing
policies and activities by Member States and non-governmental stakeholders. The Compass has now come to an end.
Currently, no specific action on mental health is foreseen when the work of the Compass comes to an end. Instead, the Commission intends to address mental health as part of its more general chronic disease agenda.
So, what next?
All in all, it is fair to day that, while relevant, EU-level action on mental health has been disappointing – and the current move to address mental health as part of the general chronic disease agenda will decrease the visibility and potential of mental health issues even more. So clearly, action needs to be taken to ensure a robust place for mental health on the EU policy agenda.
The Interest Group on Mental Health, Well-being and Brain Disorders, coordinated by GAMIAN-Europe, aims to do just that. It was launched in 2009 and works to ‘advocate the development of sound EU policies which contribute to prevention of mental health problems and ensure good services, care and empowerment for those affected by mental health problems’.
The Group meets 3 times a year and aims to address current EU policy files and topics; its co-chairs regularly table Written Questions as well as amendments to Commission reports to ensure a strong mental health dimension in all policies that have a bearing on health and well-being.
Since its inception, the Group has stimulated stronger collaboration between the various EU-level mental health stakeholders and to amplify the voice of patients in policy development.
One of its main activities over the last two years has been the development of a rationale and draft framework for a future EU level Action Programme on Mental Health and Well-being. Prepared by GAMIAN-Europe, it outlines the specific reasons why there is a need for such an Action Plan and makes the case for the added value of a much more ambitious EU-level initiative in this area, building on the work that has already been done.
All Member States are facing the same issues in relation to tackling mental ill-health, both with respect to prevention and mental health promotion as well as the development and implementation of effective and sustainable care provision models. For instance, the current trend towards community health care requires clear strategies and policies to ensure quality of and access to appropriate care.
Many countries are struggling with this development and Member States can (continue to) benefit from cooperation, mutual learning and the exchange of good (and bad) practice.
GAMIAN-Europe and the Interest Group believe that, through the various EU-level actions that have already been taken, the foundations have been laid for more ambitious and structured actions, which will actually engage the relevant policy makers as well as other stakeholders (e.g. patients). There are EU level precedents for more ambitious actions in specific health areas, for instance in fields of cancer and rare diseases.
A more ambitious approach would also be in line with the expected outcomes of the Joint Action, which aimed to ‘build capacity of national mental health leaders and other stakeholders in mental health policy development and the creation of mechanisms supporting a structured collaboration between key actors in the implementation of mental health policies in Europe’.
The Action Plan would consist of 6 strands:
Inclusion of mental health as a priority in health and social policy development: mainstreaming:
There is a need, recognised by the Joint Action to explicitly include mental health in all areas that have a direct or indirect bearing on mental health, such as the Health Programme, the European Social Fund, the D disability strategy, the social Open Method of Coordination (addressing accessible, high quality and sustainable health and long term care systems), Horizon 2020 (research), the European Semester Process,
Actions on Corporate Social Responsibility, health and safety in the work place and the Employment Strategy.
Awareness-raising and good practice exchange: mutual learning and exchange:
The EU Action programme should ensure and coordinate an effective exchange of information, experience and good practice between relevant stakeholders and Member States. Another option to raise awareness
would be to consider designating one of the coming years as the European Year of Mental Health and Well-being.
Stimulate the development of national action plans on mental health and well-being:
As already referred to in the 2011 Council Conclusions, national action plans on mental health could be put in place, using the existing national actions plans on cancer and rare diseases as models: these plans should be established to explore appropriate measures for mental health in order to ensure that patients with mental health problems have access to high-quality care, including diagnostics, treatments and rehabilitation. National plans can also be useful for mutual learning and exchange., with the Group of Governmental Experts on Mental Health acting as a coordinating mechanism for a structured and effective exchange and mutual learning.
Financial support:
A number of the above initiatives hold the potential for funding (e.g. the health programme, the Structural Funds, Horizon2020). This funding could contribute to capacity building of mental health organisations in relation to provision of support (e.g. emotional support, exchanges, information) and advocacy (e.g. policy development, practical solutions). It could also support the exchange of information, research and networking.
Data collection and monitoring:
The Horizon2020 programme should continue to issue specific calls for research projects addressing mental health in future calls for proposals under the action ‘Tackling Societal Changes’, section ‘Health, demographic change and well-being’. The EU-funded ROAMER project has developed a sensible and inclusive roadmap for research in this area, which could provide guidance on priority setting and the most pressing issues.
Inclusion of people affected by mental health problems in relevant EU consultations, fora and Advisory boards:
Any strategy or policy addressing mental health should be developed as a joint effort by all key stakeholders from societal and policy sectors concerned, including representative organisations active in the field of mental health should explicitly be included in social and health consultations as well as in relevant fora and advisory boards.
There are EU-level precedents for this type Action Plan and given the impact and relevance of mental ill health on individuals, their families, their communities and society as a whole, it is imperative that action should be taken. It has already been recognised by the EU-level that ‘complementary action and a combined effort at EU-level can help Member States tackle these challenges by promoting good mental health and well-being in the population, strengthening preventive action and self-help, and providing support to people who experience mental health problems and their families’. Initiatives like the Joint Action have laid the foundations for a more sustained and structured effort at EU and national levels. The momentum of the Joint Action should now be put to use as a useful starting point for a more ambitious effort to ensure sound policy development, with the ultimate aim to improve the quality of life of those affected by mental health problems.